Now Joe Biden has been declared the winner of the US presidential election, many analysts are looking forward to what a Biden presidency would possibly imply for America and the world.

Within the meantime, the US political system has entered a state of suspended animation. As we await the ultimate vote tallies, with legislation fits underway and recounts anticipated throughout a number of states, at the least one factor is for sure: Donald Trump will nonetheless maintain the keys to the White Home till at the least January 20.

However what does that imply for US overseas coverage?

Observers had been fast to attach occasions abroad with the electoral course of within the months main as much as polling day, with a lot hypothesis about an “October shock” and overseas election interference. But the presidential transition that follows stays “among the many least studied moments of potential mayhem within the US political system”, because the historian Timothy Naftali just lately famous.

A better have a look at the historic report means that what occurs within the coming weeks might go away an enduring imprint on overseas coverage for years to return.

Learn extra:

October shock: how overseas coverage can form US presidential elections

Lame duck activism

Whereas outgoing presidents are sometimes characterised as “do-nothing” presidents, the lame duck time period between the election and inauguration is one thing of a misnomer. The truth is, research exhibit that incumbents within the twilight section of their time period are surprisingly energetic in overseas affairs.

Sure by comparatively few constraints, outgoing presidents flip more and more to diplomacy and even using power as a method to cement their legacy. These efforts typically yield restricted strategic outcomes. However due to the credibility and dedication issues related to this stage of the electoral cycle, actions of outgoing presidents however serve to tie a successor’s palms as they search to chart a brand new course.

In December 2008, for instance, George W Bush sought to lock within the perceived beneficial properties of his “surge” technique in the course of the Iraq Conflict by signing a three-year Standing-of-Forces Settlement governing the continued presence of US forces in Iraq.

“He wished to affect the actions of the successor authorities,” the previous deputy secretary of state, John Negroponte, later informed me as a part of my ongoing analysis. The president’s weak bargaining leverage led him to reluctantly conform to Iraqi calls for for a set timetable governing the drawdown of US troops. Negroponte stated that Bush conceded as a result of he was “guarding in opposition to the arrival of a Democratic president” who had beforehand dedicated to an entire withdrawal of US troops from the nation. Within the occasion, the incoming Obama administration discovered itself partially certain by its predecessor’s fait accompli.

Bush’s ways weren’t misplaced on his successor. Eight years later, Obama exerted appreciable vitality creating authorized and administrative hurdles for then President-elect Trump on points starting from vitality coverage to the Center East peace course of.

Whereas selections involving using power are comparatively uncommon, there’s precedent right here, too. In December 1992, George H W Bush despatched virtually 30,000 troops to Somalia on an open-ended humanitarian mission. The choice set US coverage on a path that will in the end result in a political disaster for his successor, after 18 People had been killed in Somalia throughout a particular operations raid in October 1993.

Time will inform whether or not Trump will resort to related strikes. Administration officers reportedly started hedging in opposition to a Biden win previous to the election. Final-minute sanctions positioned on Iran had been apparently designed to construct a “wall” of financial restrictions robust sufficient to thwart a future administration’s try and return to the 2015 nuclear deal.

The dismissal on November 9 of the secretary of protection, Mark Esper, might point out Trump’s need to take away bureaucratic obstacles to creating extra strikes on this course. The US presence in Afghanistan has lengthy been a bête noire of the president, as an illustration, and it might not be shocking if he decides to speed up the drawdown of US forces in Afghanistan in methods which might be politically troublesome for the incoming president to reverse.

A disruptive transition

The dimensions and complexity of the handover course of itself introduces a further problem. A presidential transition entails a large turnover of political appointees all through the manager department. The notion that personnel is coverage could also be a cliché, however with a whole lot of positions to fill and new buildings to place in place, there’s appreciable scope for crucial details about ongoing operations and imminent threats to turn into misplaced in transition.

The Bay of Pigs fiasco in April 1961 supplies a cautionary story of the pitfalls of poor coordination. Latest analysis signifies that the failure of the CIA-supported invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro forces may be traced again to insufficient intelligence briefings obtained by the President-elect, John F Kennedy, in the course of the 1960 transition. By the point he was inaugurated, Kennedy had but to obtain a full briefing on the invasion plan. He confronted intense stress to authorise the covert operation – with in the end disastrous outcomes.

There has not been a overseas coverage disaster of comparable magnitude lately, partially due to updates to the Presidential Transition Act, which mandate a stronger diploma of coordination between incoming and outgoing administrations. But they don’t seem to be unprecedented, and whereas Biden might encompass himself with different veterans of earlier administrations, their collective expertise will solely depend for a lot.

The Biden marketing campaign made clear that it wouldn’t comply with the previous instance of different incoming administrations in prematurely participating with representatives of different nations. Given the prospect of an imminent disaster arising previous to or shortly after the inauguration, this solely underlines the significance of making certain a clean transition.

In the end, an efficient presidential handover requires the prepared and well timed cooperation of each side. Trump has already delayed the transition course of by difficult the legitimacy of the election final result. In the meantime, the Biden workforce has made no secret of its plans to undo lots of the outgoing administration’s insurance policies. We could also be in for a bumpy trip.

Andrew Payne doesn’t work for, seek the advice of, personal shares in or obtain funding from any firm or organisation that will profit from this text, and has disclosed no related affiliations past their educational appointment.